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Teacher Expectation Effects
In diverse classrooms, ensuring success of all students is possible by having high expectations for students. Teacher expectations are defined as inferences that teachers make about the future behaviors and academic achievement about their students, based on what they know about these student now (Good & Weinstein, 1986). Educational researchers have been concerned with the possibility that teachers communicate different performance expectations for students they believe to have low versus high achievement potential. In planning for and interacting with entire classes, small groups, and individuals, teachers are guided by their beliefs about what students need and by their expectations about how students will respond if treated in particular ways (Good, 1987).
The literature identifies two types of teacher expectation effects: self-fulfilling prophecy effect and sustaining expectation effect. Self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a process in which an originally erroneous expectation leads to behavior that causes the expectation to become true. In the sustaining expectation effect, the teacher expects students to sustain previously developed behavior patterns, to the point that teachers can take these behavior patterns for granted and failed to see and capitalize changes in student potential (Good & Brophy, 2000).
Brophy and Good's (2000) model is a well known model developed to describe the process of the self-fulfilling prophecy. The following steps show how this process works.
"1. Early in the year, the teacher forms differential expectations for student behavior and achievement.
2. Consistent with these differential expectations, the teacher behaves differently toward different students.
3. This treatment tells students something about how they are expected to behave in the classroom and perform on academic tasks.
4. If the teacher's treatment is consistent over time, and if the students do not actively resist or change it, it will likely affect their self-concepts, achievement motivation, levels of aspiration, classroom conduct, and interaction with the teacher.
5. These effects generally will complement and reinforce the expectations, so that students will come to conform to these expectations more than they might have otherwise.
6. Ultimately, this will affect student achievement and other outcome measures.
High-expectation students will be led to achieve at or near their potential, but low expectations
students will not gain as much as they could have gained if taught
differently" (p.79).
The effects of a self-fulfilling prophecy are more powerful than sustaining expectation effects because they introduce significant change in student behavior instead of merely minimizing such change by sustaining established patterns. Studies show that teachers' expectations are often an accurate assessment of student ability. Hence, teachers' expectations for student behavior are not necessarily inappropriate. The problem of low teacher expectations is not a matter of the simple identification or labeling of students (i.e., recognition that one student is relatively less able than another) but rather of inappropriate knowledge of how to respond to students who have difficulty
learning (Good, 1987).
Source: Good, T. & Brophy, J. (2008). Looking in classrooms (8th ed.). New York: Longman |
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| Comments posted for this article: 22 |
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i think this article has a strong point and the fact that it has been proven more effective shows that it really works perhaps this is something i will try in my class. |
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Posted on: December 11, 2012 10:43 pm
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I think this article is useful but in showing that students can conform to how teachers expect them to behave but, as teachers we need to keep in mind this could be good and bad. If at the beginning of the year you receive a student who has a reputation as being a trouble maker you may start to treat him/her as such. In doing that you may inadvertently make the child start acting as a trouble maker when they wouldn't necessarily have done so to begin with. |
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Posted on: February 13, 2013 9:46 pm
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I feel it is so very important for teachers to pay attention to each student individually and notice each and every ones expectations. They will all be different of course and teachers should do their best to accommodate them. Teachers shouldn't go off of what a previous teacher has said instead go off what they observe starting with a clean slate. |
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Posted on: February 17, 2013 1:54 pm
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I feel teachers should set there expectations high for all students. They should assess the students on their achieved level, but encourage them and raise the bar during activities that are for practice, so they won't "conform" to labels or low expectations. Teachers should allow opportunities for students to be challenged in the classroom and help them progress in their learning, while considering their prior knowledge and skills. I agree that self-fulfilling prophecy is more powerful because every student is different, and just because they begin as a low level student doesn't mean they will stay there. Also, just because one teacher could not teach them certain content, or get them to behave doesn't mean the next teacher can't. Its helpful to know what the teacher who taught the student in the past observed, but the new teacher should not label or make assumptions about a students ability before making their own observations. |
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Posted on: February 17, 2013 9:29 pm
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I feel like a teacher, despite whatever they have previously heard about a child, should give every child a clean start the minute they walk into the classroom. Every child is different, and they are constantly growing and changing, so why stigmatize them and potentially hinder them when it's your job to help them flourish and grow. |
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Posted on: February 18, 2013 1:32 am
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It is so important for an educator to treat each student in the same respectful manner. Do not go off of reputations or the opinions of previous educators. If there is a cause for alarm, your administrators will alert you to this, otherwise, use the Golden Rule! Do not start out defensively! If you start out the year treating a student negatively, they will feel that and will eventually act out. |
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Posted on: February 18, 2013 9:49 am
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I feel like this is a good article. No matter what you have heard a child from his/her previous teacher you should never allow their opinions to influence that individual child before you even meet the child. All students should be treated equally in your classroom. I f a child is strugglinf find a way to accommadate to the childs individual need. All students are not alike and thye also come from different backgrounds you may never know what is going on at home. |
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Posted on: February 18, 2013 1:16 pm
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Solution:
I feel it is important to motivate your students and encourage them to do the best they can in the class room. This is why I think student expectations are important, but on the other hand they can be harmful if you do not go about it the right way. It can be translated to lower ability students in the wrong way if you expect less of them and it is obvious compared to other students. As a teacher you need to be very conscious when setting these expectations because you do not want it to take the wrong effect and discourage a student. |
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Posted on: February 18, 2013 4:45 pm
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Setting expectations are a must for every teacher! However, you must be very careful when setting expectations for diverse students. You don't want to single lower level students out and embarrass them. Setting expectations that are realistic to the age group and class need to be taken into consideration. |
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Posted on: February 19, 2013 6:10 am
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I think that teachers definitely need to get to know a child by their needs. This is important so that they can accommodate to how they learn so that they will be more successful in the future. |
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Posted on: February 19, 2013 6:31 pm
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The best way to get to know our students is through their needs and getting to know them in a way that can benefit their future and what you have to offer that student. |
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Posted on: October 16, 2014 11:42 pm
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I think the best thing to do is not pre-judge a student. Not give some lower expectations because that's what you expect from them. |
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Posted on: October 20, 2014 9:38 pm
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While this article has its strong points, I don't think that a teacher can accurately set individual expectations early in the year. I prefer to set a high expectation early on, and if I need to adjust based on the student, I will. Some students come to the classroom with a reputation of being "bad", but often those students will thrive when treated like every other student. |
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Posted on: January 27, 2015 7:59 pm
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It is very important for teachers to set high (not unreasonable) expectations for all students. This can be difficult especially if the student has chronic behavior issues, and we sometimes hear from their former teachers that they had these issues all year. Even though our evaluations of students might be correct, it is important to remember to help for solutions, if needed. |
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Posted on: February 3, 2015 4:48 pm
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I agree with this article because it is hard for some teachers to come up with different ways to help struggles. Therefore, some students are put in the category of being a low achiever. I have also heard some teachers say that certain students have already mastered the highest level that they can obtain. I don't agree with that because teachers must set high goal for all students. All students should have a fair and equal educational opportunity. |
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Posted on: February 20, 2015 2:04 pm
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Great post! I agree with a lot of your statements. |
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Posted on: March 10, 2015 2:10 pm
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I agree with this article because I think we need to treat students with respect at all times. |
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Posted on: March 13, 2015 6:43 pm
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Very informative |
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Posted on: March 15, 2015 11:37 pm
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Setting expectations as a teacher is important. Teacher need to be role models and practice correct behaviors. Teachers are being watched and students will mimic behavior they see, with that being said I think this was a good read that is helpful. |
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Posted on: October 1, 2015 10:40 pm
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self-fulfilling prophecy can be work ok if the teacher has a positive prophecy for their students. |
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Posted on: October 4, 2015 9:36 pm
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It is so important to learn what each student needs to run a more effective classroom. Good article |
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Posted on: October 13, 2016 1:06 pm
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Setting expectations and being consistent through the whole year is key especially new teachers. |
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Posted on: October 16, 2016 2:15 pm
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